Gold
Gold
Gold is:
Shiny yellow metal in the form of blocks of light can reverse the Cefaúha tortillas seems green or blue. The gold section finely accurate - like other metal powders - Vimes in black, while there are other types of gold ranging in color from ruby and purple.
The gold in the transition team number (11) of the periodic table, atomic number (79), and atomic weight (196.967), and has a specific gravity (19.3). And gold melts at a temperature of (1063) degrees Celsius, and boil in the (2500) C. And gold a good conductor of heat and electricity, do not do in this capacity only silver and copper.
Properties of gold:The pure gold of the most viable ways of minerals, clouds, where you can beat him or his ways, even up to the density (0.000013) cm. Can be formed as a gold wire length (100) kilometers from the amount of $ (29) grams. And gold and one of the most metal texture with soft hardness are estimated from (2.5) to (3) on the scale of hardness.And gold is very inert metal which is not affected by air or heat or humidity. It does not dissolve in concentrated acids known mineral, such as hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid, and phosphoric, and nitric, but dissolves in aqua regia, which is a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acid centers, where the nascent chlorine liberated Iveb gold.There are other acids affect the gold Altmartik such as acid chloride solution and hot iron, and others.
Date of Gold:Since the gold widespread in many parts of the globe, in addition to a free existence in nature, and the excessive price and use money in different corner of the world has become easier to know than to know other metals. The natural qualities have made him a metal commonly known Vkther mentioned in the books, many miners and workers about it. In the fourth century AH / tenth century, reaching its peak of Islamic civilization to the palaces of the Caliphs and decorated with various types of gems and minerals that are brought from different parts of the vast Islamic state, many chemists interested in ways that purification of these metals. Biruni stated in his book Aljmaher to know the methods of purification of gold jewelery which is not much different from the methods used today. Mentions Biruni in gold mining and filtered, it is stated that "some gold what Atcefy fire either Balimabp alone or distortion called Baqee him, and a good choice is called the cat because it captures the metal sector is called Rkaza and concentrate the metal if it finds the pieces both metal silver or gold, and may not devoid of the shop, until the liquidation Fajlsth characterized Balapreez for salvation, and then to prove its weight. "The Peronist explain the purification of gold when it is mixed with the soil or in the large stones, and describes the method used to extract the gold, which the like of earth and stone and accurate description is not much different than it is now. He says: "Perhaps the gold united with stone like a casted him Vahtej to the accuracy, grinding mills crushed the accuracy Balmchajn most desirable and reported in the recitation even said to have aggravated red, so that if ratified strange wondrous, and Almchajn are stones stretched on poles Passport erected on the running water to drive a , Kalhal in Samarkand in may of cannabis in Alkuagd, and if Andq essence of gold, crush, vessels for its stones and all the gold with mercury, then the era in a piece of skin until the mercury from the pores, and fly what keeps it from fire is called the gold Zibkie and Mzbaka and gold, which reached the end, which does not very behind from the clearances, as happened to me distortion a few times, does not affect the test a large impact is hardly related to it, and almost never rigidity out of the football, and he takes them in a deadlock when cutting bloating, and most likely in gold Alospr that to forbid. "And deals with al-Biruni to the old way used by the Indians to seize the gold by mercury, and explains this method describes accurately luck and says: "The water of the bond passing on Ihnd Reed Alguendhar at Indian River gold, and some even do not praise a hundred for this reason is called in the principles of its sources Moh, then if Taking in the pool called Kersh any black clarity, and the severity of Khaddrth to depth, and if completed to align the position of fetish Shamil in the spot Kashmir named on the first named there is water bond ... and its sources placements digging where fossulae, and the decision of the water which is above and Imlounha of Mercury turns until one year has passed and then it has become Aotonha Zibgaha gold. This is because the water in its principle running a sharp sand with gold wings of mosquitoes and smaller paper, and passes them on the face of mercury Faalq gold and leave the sand goes. " Then finds the gold from the mercury in the manner previously mentioned by Biruni.
Purification of gold recently:Purification are newly separated gold dust, silt and other impurities by strong currents of water to remove the minutesSandy and alluvial, and the remaining minutes of gold in place due to the high density of gold has been used mercury to dissolve gold without sand and silt. Then finds the gold from the mercury by distilling the latter. It also draws a presentation at the gold mining copper and silver. There are chemical ways to extract gold, which is pulled by the way cyanide, or silver alloys dissolve in concentrated sulfuric acid, and purification are gold with nitric acid first, then electrolysis.
Uses of gold:He knew gold and figured its value since ancient times easily machined metal more than any other metal. In addition to the easy availability of gold in its pure form. The beauty of gold and its luster and its resistance to corrosion of metals has made him unique in the various arts and crafts since ancient times.Due to the relative rarity, use gold as currency and the basis for international financial transactions. And the unit used in the weight of gold is equivalent to Alawnsh 31.1 grams. Of the most important uses of gold, now it is used as a reserve currency. For several centuries ago, it was gold and silver used used directly Kaamlten. During the nineteenth century, gold played a new role where he became the sole basis of the currencies of most countries of the world where securities can be converted into gold.Since the seventies of the twentieth century, the gold bought and sold in the market prices fluctuate greatly, and became the relationship between gold reserves and the value of currency is a direct relationship to a large extent.It has become an increasing demand for gold in the very manufacturing processes.Because gold a good conductor of electricity Odhu high resistance to rust and corrosion, it has become of great importance in the manufacture of micro-electric circuits. If Ozept small amounts of gold and placed in glass or plastic panels, they prevent the passage of infrared and serve as an effective thermal protector. Because gold is characterized by Bthbath chemical, it is used in machines that operate in the atmosphere lead to rust, as painted by the surfaces exposed to corrosion or erosion due to liquids or vapors.Gold is also used also in the form of flakes in the paint with gold and gold writing. Used a derivative of gold in coloring glass red. Potassium cyanide is used with added gold in the gold coating process which is made electrically.As well as gold is used in medicine because it is proven that it is compatible with the living organs of the body. It is used in dentistry, and pharmaceutical packaging. Also used radioactive isotopes of gold in biological research in the treatment of cancer.It uses the largest quantity of gold produced in the currency and jewelry. To meet these purposes, gold mixed with other metals to reach the required rigidity. And reflects the gold found in this mixture carat. It contains gold used in jewelry industry for copper and silver, while a white gold, zinc and nickel or platinum metal
Elementary particlesThe first episodeHistorical PerspectiveIn about 1550 BC. M, began Alogariqh (ancient Greece) to create the basic rules of the principles of modern physics, such as the principle of survival of the article, the atomic theory, and the like. In the centuries that followed the era of Alogariqh, there have been few developments in the science of physics. However, the European Renaissance, which has to adopt and develop the scientific culture of the Islamic borne the Greeks, and developed by the Muslims stormed the field of physics since the start of Copernicus and other intellectuals to reject physical ideas of Greek, preferring to new scientific ideas depend on experimental scientific methods. Since the theories of Copernicus ended the era of scientific concepts of the old and the new scientific revolution began, it has to be considered among the ancient thinkers. And the return to the beginnings of atomic theory, it can be returned to the "Damoukrareis 370 460 BC)., Which put the theory that the universe consists of empty space, but the number of indeterminate of elementary particles hidden, which differ from each other in shape, and location, and arrangement , and that all material is made up of particles are indivisible are called Atoms:Corn:Around the year 1900, people thought that the atoms of the material is a tiny, solid as they appear in the diagram below
But the possibility of classifying atoms according to their chemical properties similar (as in the periodic table of elements) showed that the atoms are not elementary particles, but there is a smaller Manaldhirh. It is proven that when the English world, "Rutherford" and his "Marsden, and Jaeger," and that in 1909, a famous experiment known as the experience of the gold alloy. The experience is easy and simple, when fired Rutherford and his two assistants a stream of alpha (these minutes with a mass smaller than the mass of the atom itself), which radiate element radium pure (it is known that it is discovered radium irradiated them, Marie Curie, and her husband, Pierre, in 1898 ), on a very thin plate of gold surrounded by a barrier (screen) covered with zinc sulphide (zinc sulfide), a slot through which those minutes, so that the alpha-minute barrier when the shock impact there as the barrier blinks when collisions minutes it. The following graph shows an approximation of the experience of Rutherford, look where gold plate gold foil, and the barrier (screen) detecting screen which reveals the effect of alpha minutes when hit byApparently the source of the alpha emitter alpha particle emitter, a radioactive element radium, and shows slit or slit aperture in which the screen surrounding the gold plate, and the rays which pass through a thousand of gold plate.Some of the alpha penetrated the gold plate and hit a barrier from behind the plate at several sites, some of which bounced off the plate and is reflected to the barrier at different locations in front of a plate of gold. This indicates that the alpha-minute encounter on their way in a vacuum within the atoms of gold, making it carried out the plate to hit Alkharchina barrier, and the collision was not at a single site, indicating that it encountered a force inside the atom gold trade secrets from its course. The alpha feedback has shown also that the backlash caused from a collision with components within the atom are smaller than atoms of gold as well, which made Rutherford believed that the smaller particles in the atom, namely, that the atom is not a solid ball can not be divided into what is the youngest of them. The following graph shows the gold atoms, each atom in the so-called Bnoadtha, and the red lines represent thousand minutes, which was launched on a thin plate of gold, and notes the entry into force of minutes away from the nuclei, and the minutes Almustdma bounce out, at different angles:We have built the Rutherford model of the atom as a result of his research, and research of others, (particularly Thomson discovered the electron in 1897, and who had said that there should be installation of an atomic of the atom, which assumed that electrons scattered in a cloud of positive charges), is that the corn where the positively charged nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons, and that there are negatively charged electrons orbiting the nucleus, and this is what it's like the solar system, where there are the planets around the sun:
In 1913, a "Port Bohr" model of the atom more persuasive, and less vulnerable to criticism than the model Rutherford, depending on the model in the basis, but that "the Port" has used the new concepts provided by the quantum theory to explain the behavior of elementary particles, and thus developed a theory of Rutherford to the best, and helped in the development of quantum mechanics itself.
Gold is:
Shiny yellow metal in the form of blocks of light can reverse the Cefaúha tortillas seems green or blue. The gold section finely accurate - like other metal powders - Vimes in black, while there are other types of gold ranging in color from ruby and purple.
The gold in the transition team number (11) of the periodic table, atomic number (79), and atomic weight (196.967), and has a specific gravity (19.3). And gold melts at a temperature of (1063) degrees Celsius, and boil in the (2500) C. And gold a good conductor of heat and electricity, do not do in this capacity only silver and copper.
Properties of gold:The pure gold of the most viable ways of minerals, clouds, where you can beat him or his ways, even up to the density (0.000013) cm. Can be formed as a gold wire length (100) kilometers from the amount of $ (29) grams. And gold and one of the most metal texture with soft hardness are estimated from (2.5) to (3) on the scale of hardness.And gold is very inert metal which is not affected by air or heat or humidity. It does not dissolve in concentrated acids known mineral, such as hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid, and phosphoric, and nitric, but dissolves in aqua regia, which is a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acid centers, where the nascent chlorine liberated Iveb gold.There are other acids affect the gold Altmartik such as acid chloride solution and hot iron, and others.
Date of Gold:Since the gold widespread in many parts of the globe, in addition to a free existence in nature, and the excessive price and use money in different corner of the world has become easier to know than to know other metals. The natural qualities have made him a metal commonly known Vkther mentioned in the books, many miners and workers about it. In the fourth century AH / tenth century, reaching its peak of Islamic civilization to the palaces of the Caliphs and decorated with various types of gems and minerals that are brought from different parts of the vast Islamic state, many chemists interested in ways that purification of these metals. Biruni stated in his book Aljmaher to know the methods of purification of gold jewelery which is not much different from the methods used today. Mentions Biruni in gold mining and filtered, it is stated that "some gold what Atcefy fire either Balimabp alone or distortion called Baqee him, and a good choice is called the cat because it captures the metal sector is called Rkaza and concentrate the metal if it finds the pieces both metal silver or gold, and may not devoid of the shop, until the liquidation Fajlsth characterized Balapreez for salvation, and then to prove its weight. "The Peronist explain the purification of gold when it is mixed with the soil or in the large stones, and describes the method used to extract the gold, which the like of earth and stone and accurate description is not much different than it is now. He says: "Perhaps the gold united with stone like a casted him Vahtej to the accuracy, grinding mills crushed the accuracy Balmchajn most desirable and reported in the recitation even said to have aggravated red, so that if ratified strange wondrous, and Almchajn are stones stretched on poles Passport erected on the running water to drive a , Kalhal in Samarkand in may of cannabis in Alkuagd, and if Andq essence of gold, crush, vessels for its stones and all the gold with mercury, then the era in a piece of skin until the mercury from the pores, and fly what keeps it from fire is called the gold Zibkie and Mzbaka and gold, which reached the end, which does not very behind from the clearances, as happened to me distortion a few times, does not affect the test a large impact is hardly related to it, and almost never rigidity out of the football, and he takes them in a deadlock when cutting bloating, and most likely in gold Alospr that to forbid. "And deals with al-Biruni to the old way used by the Indians to seize the gold by mercury, and explains this method describes accurately luck and says: "The water of the bond passing on Ihnd Reed Alguendhar at Indian River gold, and some even do not praise a hundred for this reason is called in the principles of its sources Moh, then if Taking in the pool called Kersh any black clarity, and the severity of Khaddrth to depth, and if completed to align the position of fetish Shamil in the spot Kashmir named on the first named there is water bond ... and its sources placements digging where fossulae, and the decision of the water which is above and Imlounha of Mercury turns until one year has passed and then it has become Aotonha Zibgaha gold. This is because the water in its principle running a sharp sand with gold wings of mosquitoes and smaller paper, and passes them on the face of mercury Faalq gold and leave the sand goes. " Then finds the gold from the mercury in the manner previously mentioned by Biruni.
Purification of gold recently:Purification are newly separated gold dust, silt and other impurities by strong currents of water to remove the minutesSandy and alluvial, and the remaining minutes of gold in place due to the high density of gold has been used mercury to dissolve gold without sand and silt. Then finds the gold from the mercury by distilling the latter. It also draws a presentation at the gold mining copper and silver. There are chemical ways to extract gold, which is pulled by the way cyanide, or silver alloys dissolve in concentrated sulfuric acid, and purification are gold with nitric acid first, then electrolysis.
Uses of gold:He knew gold and figured its value since ancient times easily machined metal more than any other metal. In addition to the easy availability of gold in its pure form. The beauty of gold and its luster and its resistance to corrosion of metals has made him unique in the various arts and crafts since ancient times.Due to the relative rarity, use gold as currency and the basis for international financial transactions. And the unit used in the weight of gold is equivalent to Alawnsh 31.1 grams. Of the most important uses of gold, now it is used as a reserve currency. For several centuries ago, it was gold and silver used used directly Kaamlten. During the nineteenth century, gold played a new role where he became the sole basis of the currencies of most countries of the world where securities can be converted into gold.Since the seventies of the twentieth century, the gold bought and sold in the market prices fluctuate greatly, and became the relationship between gold reserves and the value of currency is a direct relationship to a large extent.It has become an increasing demand for gold in the very manufacturing processes.Because gold a good conductor of electricity Odhu high resistance to rust and corrosion, it has become of great importance in the manufacture of micro-electric circuits. If Ozept small amounts of gold and placed in glass or plastic panels, they prevent the passage of infrared and serve as an effective thermal protector. Because gold is characterized by Bthbath chemical, it is used in machines that operate in the atmosphere lead to rust, as painted by the surfaces exposed to corrosion or erosion due to liquids or vapors.Gold is also used also in the form of flakes in the paint with gold and gold writing. Used a derivative of gold in coloring glass red. Potassium cyanide is used with added gold in the gold coating process which is made electrically.As well as gold is used in medicine because it is proven that it is compatible with the living organs of the body. It is used in dentistry, and pharmaceutical packaging. Also used radioactive isotopes of gold in biological research in the treatment of cancer.It uses the largest quantity of gold produced in the currency and jewelry. To meet these purposes, gold mixed with other metals to reach the required rigidity. And reflects the gold found in this mixture carat. It contains gold used in jewelry industry for copper and silver, while a white gold, zinc and nickel or platinum metal
Elementary particlesThe first episodeHistorical PerspectiveIn about 1550 BC. M, began Alogariqh (ancient Greece) to create the basic rules of the principles of modern physics, such as the principle of survival of the article, the atomic theory, and the like. In the centuries that followed the era of Alogariqh, there have been few developments in the science of physics. However, the European Renaissance, which has to adopt and develop the scientific culture of the Islamic borne the Greeks, and developed by the Muslims stormed the field of physics since the start of Copernicus and other intellectuals to reject physical ideas of Greek, preferring to new scientific ideas depend on experimental scientific methods. Since the theories of Copernicus ended the era of scientific concepts of the old and the new scientific revolution began, it has to be considered among the ancient thinkers. And the return to the beginnings of atomic theory, it can be returned to the "Damoukrareis 370 460 BC)., Which put the theory that the universe consists of empty space, but the number of indeterminate of elementary particles hidden, which differ from each other in shape, and location, and arrangement , and that all material is made up of particles are indivisible are called Atoms:Corn:Around the year 1900, people thought that the atoms of the material is a tiny, solid as they appear in the diagram below
But the possibility of classifying atoms according to their chemical properties similar (as in the periodic table of elements) showed that the atoms are not elementary particles, but there is a smaller Manaldhirh. It is proven that when the English world, "Rutherford" and his "Marsden, and Jaeger," and that in 1909, a famous experiment known as the experience of the gold alloy. The experience is easy and simple, when fired Rutherford and his two assistants a stream of alpha (these minutes with a mass smaller than the mass of the atom itself), which radiate element radium pure (it is known that it is discovered radium irradiated them, Marie Curie, and her husband, Pierre, in 1898 ), on a very thin plate of gold surrounded by a barrier (screen) covered with zinc sulphide (zinc sulfide), a slot through which those minutes, so that the alpha-minute barrier when the shock impact there as the barrier blinks when collisions minutes it. The following graph shows an approximation of the experience of Rutherford, look where gold plate gold foil, and the barrier (screen) detecting screen which reveals the effect of alpha minutes when hit byApparently the source of the alpha emitter alpha particle emitter, a radioactive element radium, and shows slit or slit aperture in which the screen surrounding the gold plate, and the rays which pass through a thousand of gold plate.Some of the alpha penetrated the gold plate and hit a barrier from behind the plate at several sites, some of which bounced off the plate and is reflected to the barrier at different locations in front of a plate of gold. This indicates that the alpha-minute encounter on their way in a vacuum within the atoms of gold, making it carried out the plate to hit Alkharchina barrier, and the collision was not at a single site, indicating that it encountered a force inside the atom gold trade secrets from its course. The alpha feedback has shown also that the backlash caused from a collision with components within the atom are smaller than atoms of gold as well, which made Rutherford believed that the smaller particles in the atom, namely, that the atom is not a solid ball can not be divided into what is the youngest of them. The following graph shows the gold atoms, each atom in the so-called Bnoadtha, and the red lines represent thousand minutes, which was launched on a thin plate of gold, and notes the entry into force of minutes away from the nuclei, and the minutes Almustdma bounce out, at different angles:We have built the Rutherford model of the atom as a result of his research, and research of others, (particularly Thomson discovered the electron in 1897, and who had said that there should be installation of an atomic of the atom, which assumed that electrons scattered in a cloud of positive charges), is that the corn where the positively charged nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons, and that there are negatively charged electrons orbiting the nucleus, and this is what it's like the solar system, where there are the planets around the sun:
In 1913, a "Port Bohr" model of the atom more persuasive, and less vulnerable to criticism than the model Rutherford, depending on the model in the basis, but that "the Port" has used the new concepts provided by the quantum theory to explain the behavior of elementary particles, and thus developed a theory of Rutherford to the best, and helped in the development of quantum mechanics itself.
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